LECTURE TOPICS:

• Introduction to Health Disparities

• Review of Course/Course Requirements

• What are Health Disparities, Health Inequities, Health Equity

• What are Social Determinants

• OMB and Census 2000 Race/Ethnicity Designations and Behavioral Self-Identity

• Methods in Health Disparities

REQUIRED READINGS:

What We Mean by Social Determinants of Health
Vicente Navarro, Johns Hopkins. (2009). International Journal of Health Services.39 (3), 423 – 441.

[download PDF]

The Health Impact of Resolving Racial Disparities: an Analysis of US Mortality Data
Woolf SH, Johnson RE, Fryer GE Jr, Rust G, Satcher D. (2008). Am J Public Health. 98 (9 Suppl):S26-8.
[download PDF]

Pathways of Influence on Equity in Health
Starfield, B. (2007). Social Science & Medicine, 64, 1371-1372.
[download PDF]

Defining Equity in Health
Braveman, P. & Gruskin, S. (2003). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(4), 254-258.
[download PDF]

Definitions of “Race”
[download PDF]

OPTIONAL READINGS:

Content and frequency of writing on diabetes bulletin boards: does race make a difference?
Case S, Jernigan V, Gardner A, Ritter P, Heaney CA, Lorig KR. (2009). J Med Internet Res.11(2),e22.
[download PDF]

Do birth cohorts matter? Age-period-cohort analyses of the obesity epidemic in the United States. Reither EN, Hauser RM, Yang Y. (2009). Soc Sci Med.69(10),1439-48.
[download PDF]

Epigenetics and The Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins Of US Racial Disparities In Cardiovascular Health
Kuzawa CW, Sweet E. Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Jan-Feb;21(1):2-15.
[download PDF]

Comparing racial and ethnic populations based on Healthy People 2010 objectives.
Keppel K, Garcia T, Hallquist S, Ryskulova A, Agress L. Healthy People Stat Notes. 2008 Aug;(26):1-16.
[download PDF]

When Does a Difference Become a Disparity? Conceptualizing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
Hebert PL, Sisk JE, Howell EA. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008 Mar-Apr;27(2):374-82.
[download PDF]

A Note From The Editor
Brennan Virginia. Medical and Mental Health Care in a Multi-Ethnic Community Sample. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008 Aug;19(3):894-911.
[download PDF]

Ten Largest Racial and Ethnic Health Disparitites in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 Objectives
Keppel Kenneth G. (2007) American Jounal of Epidemiology Advance Access
[download PDF]

Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities: Influences, Actors, and Policy Opportunities
Meyers, K.H.S (2007). Kaiser Pernanente Institute for Health Policy.
[download PDF]

Disparities in Health: Perspectives of a Multi-ethnic, Multi-racial America
Blendon RJ, Buhr T, Cassidy EF, Perez DJ, Hunt KA, Fleischfresser C, Benson JM, Herrmann MJ. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007 Sep-Oct;26(5):1437-47.
[download PDF]

Eight Americas: Investigating Mortality Disparities Across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in The United States
Murray CJ, Kulkarni SC, Michaud C, Tomijima N, Bulzacchelli MT, Iandiorio TJ, Ezzati M. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep;3(9):e260. Erratum in: PLoS Med. 2006 Dec;3(12):e545.
[download PDF]

Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement
Braveman Paula. (2006). Annual Review of Public Health. Vol 27: 167-194
[download PDF]

Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Research: Models to Explain Health Disparities
Dressler, W.W., Oths, K.S., & Gravlee, C.C. (2005). Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 231-252.
[download PDF]

The Changing Landscape for the Elimination of Racial / Ethnic Health Status Disparities.
Walker B., Mays V.M., &?Warren, R. (2004). Health Care Poor Underserved, 15 (4), 506-521.
[download PDF]

Four-Year Review of the Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic and Public Health Research
Comstock, R.D., Castillo, E.M., & Lindsay, S.P. (2004). American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 611-619.
[download PDF]

Introduction: Seeing the Forest and the Trees ? From Observation to Experiments in Social Epidemiology
Berkman, L.F. (2004). Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 2-6.
[download PDF]

The Social Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Poundstone, K.E., Strathdee, S.A. & Celentano, D.D. (2004). Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 22-35.
[download PDF]

“Bodies Count,” and Body Counts: Sociological Epidemiology and Embodying Inequality
Krieger, N. & Smith, G.D. (2004). Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 92-103.
[download PDF]

The Study of Group-Level Factors in Epidemiology: Rethinking Variables, Study Designs, and Analytical Approaches
Roux, A.V.D. (2004) Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 104-111.
[download PDF]

What’s Wrong with Social Epidemiology, and How Can We Make It Better?
Kaplan, G.A. (2004) Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 124-135.
[download PDF]

 The Social Epidemiology of Substance Abuse
Galea, S., Nandi, A. & Vlahov, D. (2004) Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 26-36.
[download PDF]

Classifications of Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Public Health
Mays, V.M., Ponce, N., Washington, D.L., & Cochran, S.D. (2003). Annual Review of Public Health, 24, 83-110.
[download PDF]

Race Plays Role in New Drug Trials: Treatment by Genetic Origin, Ethnicity Divides Medical Profession
Cha, A.E. (2003). Washington Post.
[download PDF]

What is a “Health Disparity”?
Carter-Pokras, O. & Baquet, C. (2002).  Public Health Reports, 117, 426-434.
[download PDF]

America’s Diversity at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Reflections from Census 2000
Singer, A. (2002). The Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy.
[download PDF]

Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity – A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
[download PDF]

Special Guest Editors
Vickie M. Mays, PhD, MSPH and Rueben Warren DDS, MPH, DRPH, MDIV

This special ethics & behavior issue addresses the legacy of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Syphilis Study on health reform, particularly the Affordable Care Act (ACA). It contains twelve articles, commentaries and essays on this study, and the history and current practices of ethical abuses affecting American Indian, Latino, Asian American, and African American communities in the United States and in one case, internationally.

“As the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act moves forward to ensure health care for all citizens the foundation of its efforts must include guiding principles that will reach those who in the past have not benefitted from the health care system,” explains Guest Editor Vickie Mays. “This special issue examines whether the legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee and President Clinton’s Apology to the Survivors of that egregious study play a role in the participation behaviors of African Americans and other racial/ethnic minorities in health care research and health care services.”

Several other themes are present in this collection of articles, including the consequences of individual consent on community well‐being, need for better government oversight in research and health care ethics, and a call for overhauling bioethics training to develop a population level, culturally driven approach in research bioethics. The articles in this special issue challenge the “cultural paranoia” of mistrust and provide insights into how the distrust may serve to lengthen rather than shorten the lives of racial/ethnic minorities who have been used as guinea pigs on more than one occasion.

Most importantly, this issue “questions whether health care reform can be successful without addressing these past experiences, as we go forward to developing a health care approach that provides preventive, care and treatment services to those who previously have not been a part of the system,” says Mays.

Free Article Access

The following articles and commentaries from this special issue are available to read and download for FREE

• The Legacy of the U. S. Public Health Service Study of Untreated Syphilis in African American Men at Tuskegee on the Affordable Care Act and Health Care Reform Fifteen Years after President Clinton’s Apology
  Vickie M. Mays
  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508422.2012.730808
• Rethinking Research Ethics for Latinos: The Policy Paradox of Health Reform and the Role of Social Justice
  Lisa Cacari‐Stone and Magdalena Avila
  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508422.2012.729995
• Ethical Responsibility in Healing and Protecting the Families of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study in African American Men at Tuskegee: An Intergenerational Storytelling Approach
  Edward P. Wimberly
  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508422.2012.730007
• One Voice: A Commentary on the Syphilis Study at Tuskegee by a Descendant’s Daughter
  Lillie Tyson Head
  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508422.2012.730004
• For paid access to all articles from this special issue please visit the Ethics and Behavior Website
  http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/hebh20/22/6

Table of Contents

As part of its work to better leverage campus/community partnerships to help reduce disparities in health in racial and ethnic minority communities, the BRITE Center produced a series of reports and resources funded by the Office of Minority Health at the National Institutes of Health.

A key focus of the project was student-led community health fairs and the Center worked with students at UCLA to create an online resource guide to assist universities, students and community groups when planning Health Fairs within Los Angeles County. While the focus of the project was on a specific location, the guide illustrates general steps to consider when planning a health fair. For students and universities in Los Angeles, the guide provided additional resources that highlight particular health needs and health beliefs of specific population groups within the county. The guide includes community health assessments that can be used by community organizations to monitor and identify health disparities at the community level,  as well as tools to conduct behavioral health education and health promotion (e.g., helmet safety, infant car seat usage, violence prevention); health promotion materials in several languages; and health fair activities for children.

Health Fair Resource Online Guide

About the Reports and Resources in this Series

This series was funded by the a grant from the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities at the National Institute of Health in an effort to explore ways to increase the effectiveness of community health outreach activities in the University of California and other university systems. Project reports include:

• Report Brief – A National Student Volunteer Health Corps Would Help Meet Critical Community Needs [links to report]
• Engaging Student Health Organizations in Reducing Health Disparities in Underserved Communities Through Volunteerism: Developing a Student Health Corps [links to report]
• Living the Good Life: Screening for Health — Report on the Outreach and Academic Preparation of the Undergraduate Student Health Organizations of the University of California and Comparison Universities [links to report]
• Living the Good Life: Screening for Health — Student Health Organizations Needs Assessment Report [links to report]

Responding to the Mental Health Needs of American Indians and Alaska Natives

As part of its work in translating research to practice, the BRITE Center has been working with the UCLA Center on American Indian & Indigenous Research and Education and other community partners to build resources for mental health clinicians, social workers, educators and others interested in promoting the mental health and well-being of Native Americans populations within the United States, including those Native Americans living in densely populated urban areas. Previous research studies have found that over 20% of American Indians and Alaskan Natives are affected by mental illness, including anxiety, depression, psychosis, substance abuse and suicide. Yet there is an ongoing shortage of available mental health professionals with the cultural knowledge necessary to teach others to work with these populations.

This American Indian Mental Health Project and its workshops led to the creation of a video lecture series focused on training health educators about American Indian mental health. The workshop has been passed on to the California State Psychological Association for continuation. The video lectures and educational materials listed below explore critical topics in addressing the underserved needs of these populations. The BRITE Center compiled these resources to help programs better serve Native Americans by valuing, and respecting, the diversity of their experiences as a means to promote health and wellness.

Video Lectures

• Co-Occuring Disorders and Urban American Indians – Al Garcia, MSW, United American Indian Involvement
• Integrating Traditional Medicine Practices into Western Mental Health Practices – Glenda Ahhaitty, acting director, American Indian Counseling Center
• Cultural Transference: Acknowledging and Confronting Stereotypes – Kumea Shorter-Gooden, PhD
• Talking Circles: Using Storytelling as an Adjunct to Dialogue – Felicia Schanche Hodge, PhD

Additional Resource Libraries

• American Indian Mental Health (pdf)
• American Indian Veterans and Mental Health Issues (pdf)
• American Indian Veterans and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (pdf)
• American Indians and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (pdf)
• American Indian Substance Abuse and Dependency (pdf)
• American Indians and Trauma (pdf)

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